The principle of homology gives organization to organic chemistry in much the same way that the periodic table gives organization to inorganic chemistry. Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property. The simple alkane methane contains one carbon atom and CH4 as its molecular formula. This group of compounds comprises a homologous series with a general molecular formula of C n H 2 n+2, where equals any integer. Molecular formulas, such as that of octane give the number of each kind of atom in a molecule of a compound. Methane has a tetrahedral shape that chemists often portray with wedges indicating bonds coming out toward you and dashed lines indicating bonds that go back away from you. The straight-chain alkanes are observed to have a higher boiling point in comparison to their structural isomers. Any family of compounds in which adjacent members differ from each other by a definite factor (here a CH2 group) is called a homologous series. Compounds that have the same molecular, but different structural formulas are called structural isomers. Usually, alkanes are not considered functional groups; rather, an alkane is a compound that lacks functional groups. Another way to prevent getting this page in the future is to use Privacy Pass. It can be understood with an example- A new compound known as chloromethane is formed when methane reacts with chlorine. This Alkyl group is often denoted by the letter R the same as halogens represent by the letter X. Have questions or comments? The molecular formula of C8H18 may apply to several alkanes, each one of which has unique chemical, physical and toxicological properties. In addition, many important parts of organic molecules contain one or more alkane groups, minus a hydrogen atom, bonded as substituents onto the basic organic molecule. Required fields are marked *. Your email address will not be published. The list of some Alkanes and the molecular formula is given below.Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Propane (C3H8), Butane (C4H10), Pentane (C5H12), Hexane (C6H14), Heptane (C7H16), Octane (C8H18), Nonane (C9H20), Decane (C10H22). This long-chain structure is known as octane. [ "article:topic", "saturated", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "homology", "program:hidden" ], 12.4: Condensed Structural and Line-Angle Formulas. Your IP: 164.52.197.227 An eight-carbon alkane has a molecular formula – C 8H 18 and structural formula-. Alkanes are organic compounds composed of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms. Recall that the VSEPR theory correctly predicts a tetrahedral shape for the methane molecule (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). Their structure is defined by a reactive carbon-carbon double bond, they have a general formula of CnH2n, they can be named by following a series of simple steps, they have many uses in nature as well as in industrial and laboratory settings, and some of their most common reactions include hydrogenation (alkene to alkane), halogenation (alkene to haloalkane), hydration (alkene to alcohol), … You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Web Store. The flat representations shown do not accurately portray bond angles or molecular geometry. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Performance & security by Cloudflare, Please complete the security check to access. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. The most basic family of compounds has been called alkanes. Butane (C4H10) 5. Pentane (C5H12) 6. Most organic compounds can be derived from alkanes. Saturated, in this case, means that each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms (hydrogen or carbon)—the most possible; there are no double or triple bonds in the molecules. 1. The first five alkanes formulas with an unbranched chain are tabulated below. As we noted, there are several different kinds of hydrocarbons. Thus, the structure below is 5-methyl-2-hexene. As this compound have just single covalent bonds only, therefore, its structural formula is, In a long chain alkane molecule, additional carbon atoms are attached to each other with the help of a single covalent bond. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. When a substituent like halogen bonds to an alkane molecule, one carbon-hydrogen bond of the molecule gets converted to a carbon-substituent bond. Hence, alkanes are hydrophobic in nature that is, alkanes are insoluble in water. Three types of alkanes are available: linear straight alkanes branched alkanes and cyclic alkanes. Your email address will not be published. Learn more about hydrocarbons and their types by downloading BYJU’S – The Learning App. itsorigins in the study of natural compounds extracted from living organisms Hydrocarbons with only carbon-to-carbon single bonds (C–C) and existing as a continuous chain of carbon atoms also bonded to hydrogen atoms are called alkanes (or saturated hydrocarbons). The word saturated has the same meaning for hydrocarbons as it does for the dietary fats and oils: the molecule has no carbon-to-carbon double bonds (C=C).

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