Retraction refers to bringing together. When the forearm and hand are supinated, the thumbs point away from the body. [11], Extension is the opposite of flexion, describing a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts. Now, let’s make some more sense of what these movements actually are! Extending the elbow to return the radius and ulna back to resting anatomical position; Extending the hip to return the femur back to resting anatomical position; Extending the knee to return the tibia and fibular back to resting anatomical position; and. [5] For example, if a part of the body such as a joint is overstretched or "bent backwards" because of exaggerated extension motion, then it can be described as hyperextended. Re-position refers to returning the thumb and little (or one of the others!) [10], Palmarflexion is decreasing the angle between the palm and the anterior forearm. Supination of the foot is turning of the sole of the foot inwards, shifting weight to the lateral edge. Here, we explore the difference between an axis and a plane, before describing different joint movements in the context of the larger joints in the body. Elevation refers to lifting, and depression to lowering. [2] Motions can be split into categories relating to the nature of the joints involved: Apart from this motions can also be divided into: The study of movement is known as kinesiology. This decreases the angle between the dorsum of the foot and the leg. Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. (2013). What is the best treatment for my condition. These movements only occur in several regions of the body and are a result of movement along the coronal plane. These terms refer to flexion in direction of the "back" of the foot, which is the upper surface of the foot when standing, and flexion in direction of the sole of the foot. [12] For example, when standing up, the knees are extended. Rotating the arm away from the body is external rotation. The swinging action made during a tennis serve is an example of circumduction, Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion refer to extension or flexion of the foot at the ankle. Motions are classified after the anatomical planes they occur in,[1] although movement is more often than not a combination of different motions occurring simultaneously in several planes. We usually make the assumption that the body is in normal resting anatomical position, and that joint movement occurs from this resting position. [27], Dorsiflexion is extension at the ankle or wrist joint. To remember pronation, think of lying prone (on your belly). [25], Plantar flexion or plantarflexion is the movement which decreases the angle between the sole of the foot and the back of the leg; for example, the movement when depressing a car pedal or standing on tiptoes. Pronation at the forearm is a rotational movement where the hand and upper arm are turned so the thumbs point towards the body. A collection of communication skills guides, for common OSCE scenarios, including history taking and information giving. [11] When the legs are splayed at the hip, such as when doing a star jump or doing a split, the legs are abducted at the hip. Home | Symptoms | Diseases | Diagnosis | Videos | Tools | Forum | About Us | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Site Map | Advertise, Copyright © 2014 Health Grades Inc. All rights reserved. To remember supination, think of holding a bowl of soup. Pronation and supination refer generally to the prone (facing down) or supine (facing up) positions. Protraction and retraction occur in two major regions of the body – the scapula and the mandible. [25], A ballerina, demonstrating plantar flexion of the feet, Palmarflexion and dorsiflexion refer to movement of the flexion (palmarflexion) or extension (dorsiflexion) of the hand at the wrist. Flexion refers to decreasing a joint angle, and extension to increasing the joint angle back to resting anatomical position. Abduction and adduction of the shoulder occur in the coronal plane, and about the sagittal axis. A collection of interactive medical and surgical clinical case scenarios to put your diagnostic and management skills to the test. [3] These terms come from Latin words with similar meanings, ab- being the Latin prefix indicating "away," ad- indicating "toward," and ducere meaning "to draw or pull". [27] These terms refer to flexion between the hand and the body's dorsal surface, which in anatomical position is considered the back of the arm; and flexion between the hand and the body's palmar surface, which in anatomical position is considered the anterior side of the arm. Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are movements at the ankle joint, … [7], Flexion and extension describe movements that affect the angle between two parts of the body. [17] For example, shrugging is an example of elevation of the scapula. There are three major planes. Eversion refers to bringing the soles of the feet out, so they are facing away from the midline of the body. In the case of fingers and toes, it is spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot. Find more ways to say elevation, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. They derive from the Latin terms with similar meanings[c], Elevation is movement in a superior direction. Abduction of the wrist is also called radial deviation. Other terms, such as elevation and depression, describe movement above or below the horizontal plane. There are also several different axes we use to describe the movement of a joint. [a], Flexion describes a bending movement that decreases the angle between a segment and its proximal segment. A collection of free medical student quizzes to put your medical and surgical knowledge to the test! In the case of fingers and toes, it is bringing the digits together, towards the centerline of the hand or foot. A collection of data interpretation guides to help you learn how to interpret various laboratory and radiology investigations. He is the Anatomy Lead for Geeky Medics. Tonye Ogele CNX [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], Connexions [CC BY 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], Osteomyoamare [CC BY 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)]. Hyperextension of the shoulder refers to extending the shoulder past its resting anatomical position so that the arm is now behind the back; Hyperextension of the hip refers to extending the hip past its resting anatomical position, contracting the gluteus maximus to bring the femur closer to the vertebral column. [13] The centre of the body is defined as the midsagittal plane. Elevation as an anatomical term is used to describe a general action of a muscle on a bone or joint. [b], Abduction is a motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body. The movements produced at joints by muscles are given specific anatomical names, often referred to as “anatomical terms of motion”. Elevation (Anatomical Term): Elevation as an anatomical term is used to describe a general action of a muscle on a bone or joint. Another word for elevation. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. These are general terms that can be used to describe most movements the body makes. Internal rotation is rotating a joint towards the midline; external rotation is rotating a joint away from the midline. [11], Abduction is the motion of a structure away from the midline while adduction refer to motion towards the center of the body. Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Start typing to see results or hit ESC to close, DNACPR Discussion and Documentation – OSCE Guide, Cervical Spine X-ray Interpretation – OSCE Guide, Musculoskeletal (MSK) X-ray Interpretation – OSCE Guide, Benzodiazepine Overdose | Acute Management | ABCDE, medical MCQ quiz platform at https://geekyquiz.com, Internal and external rotation (medial and lateral rotation), Protraction and retraction (and protrusion and retrusion), Divides the body into left and right halves, Paramedian plane refers to subdividing one half, Example: flexion and extension of the hip occurs in the sagittal plane, Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves, Example: abduction and adduction of the shoulder occurs in the coronal plane, Divides the body into superior and inferior halves, Example: left and right rotation of the atlantoaxial joint occurs in the transverse plane, Passes horizontally from anterior to posterior, Formed by the intersection of the sagittal and transverse planes, Example: abduction and adduction of the shoulder about the sagittal axis, Formed by the intersection of the coronal and transverse planes, Example: flexion and extension of the hip occurs about the coronal axis, Passes vertically from superior to inferior, Formed by the intersection of the sagittal and coronal flames, Example: left and right rotation of the atlantoaxial joint occurs about the vertical axis. [13] For example, raising the arms up, such as when tightrope-walking, is an example of abduction at the shoulder. Opposition and re-position occur at the thumb and little finger (digits 1 and 5, respectively). For example: Examples showing protrusion and retrusion. A comprehensive collection of medical revision notes that cover a broad range of clinical topics. Unique terminology is also used to describe the eye. A collection of anatomy notes covering the key anatomy concepts that medical students need to learn. [10] When the chin is against the chest, the head is flexed, and the trunk is flexed when a person leans forward. Left and right rotation of the atlantoaxial joint occurs in the transverse plane, and about the vertical axis. Flexing the neck (atlanto-occipital joint) to bring the head closer to the chest. Thus, pronation of the radiohumeral joint refers to the palm of the hand facing the ground. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion. You hold a bowl of soup with your palms facing up – this is the position of supination. [13], Ulnar deviation is the hand moving towards the ulnar styloid (or, towards the pinky/fifth digit). A collection of surgery revision notes covering key surgical topics. 4. It isn’t a movement that is easily visible as it occurs on a relatively small level – nonetheless, it is very important! Last Update: 13 August, 2015 (0:05). Rotating the lower limb at the hip joint to point the feet away from each other, Protrusion (similar to protraction) of the jaw allows for anterior movement of the jaw, as if to move it out from the rest of the head, Returning the scapulae from hugging someone with abducted shoulders in front of us to the resting anatomical position of the scapulae, Retrusion (similar to retraction) of the jaw brings the jaw back to its resting anatomical position. Radial deviation is the hand moving towards the radial styloid (or, towards the thumb/first digit). It may also be used in surgery, such as in temporarily dislocating joints for surgical procedures. That which is raised up or elevated; an elevated place or station; as, an elevation of the ground; a hill. [20], Internal rotation (or medial rotation) is rotation towards the axis of the body. [19], Rotation of body parts is referred to as internal or external, referring to rotation towards or away from the center of the body. There are several different planes that we use to describe the body and movements. [30], Supination of the forearm occurs when the forearm or palm are rotated outwards. Pronation and supination occur at pivot joints.

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