Ciarán John Forde, ... Alan Hernon, in Bioenergy Research: Advances and Applications, 2014. Different fuels have different ignition temperatures e.g. Hydrocarbon emissions are produced under similar conditions. They are characterized by spherical primary particles, which are in different sizes and coalesced into aggregates (secondary particles) more or less, as shown by transmission electron microscope (TEM) images in Fig. Table 2.2. 11) and ash. Incomplete combustion occurs when there isn’t enough oxygen to allow the fuel to react completely with the oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, and also when the combustion is quenched by a heat sink such as a solid surface or flame trap. coal required per unit generation needs to be minimized to all possible extent by adopting all available technological developments. Mark H. Stolt, David L. Lindbo, in Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths, 2010. Thus an energy-rich fuel (biomass) is converted into an energy-rich gas. CO is a product of the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing compounds. Following chemical reactions takes place in the combustion of coal with the release of heat: C + O2 = CO2 + 8084 Kcal/ Kg of carbon (33940 KJ/Kg), S + O2 = SO2 + 2224 Kcal/Kg of sulfur (9141 KJ/Kg), 2 H2 + O2 = 2 H2O + 28922 Kcal/Kg of hydrogen (142670 KJ/Kg), 2C + O2 = 2CO + 2430 Kcal/Kg of carbon (10120 KJ/Kg). SOX are sulfur dioxide (SO2), Sulfur trioxide (SO3), NOX is nitrogen oxide (N2O), Nitric oxide (NO), Nitrogen dioxide (N2O). Water is still produced, but carbon monoxide and carbon are produced instead of carbon dioxide. Liquid fuels e.g. PICs are of concern because carbon monoxide (CO) and organics such as dioxin or furan form by incomplete combustion. Gasification is a form of incomplete combustion in which a fuel is burnt in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere. There are three types of combustion as below: Rapid combustion: This is a combustion in which a fuel burns rapidly and produces heat with the help of external heat. In some cases, as much as 200 per cent of what would be stoichiometrically required for complete combustion, is added. Stationary sources of CO are significant only quite near the source. Hence, the incomplete combustion forms a number of byproducts. Typical flue gas concentrations are less than 200 ppm for CO and 20 ppm for hydrocarbons in a CFBC boiler burning coal (Stultz and Kitto, 1992). ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781437778717100085, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857091314500091, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120597901500110, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444531568000179, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444595614000127, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128008584000024, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781856177108000078, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128113653000065, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128045572000043, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780750698993500195, Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes, 2011, Large-scale biomass combustion plants: an overview, Biomass Combustion Science, Technology and Engineering, Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths, Goldberg, 1985; Jones et al., 1997; Masiello, 2004; Forbes et al., 2006, Biobased Fats (Lipids) and Oils from Biomass as a Source of Bioenergy, Bioenergy Research: Advances and Applications, Materials Science and Engineering of Carbon: Fundamentals (Second Edition), (Courtesy of Dr. T. Nakata of Tokai Carbon co. Ltd.), Clean Coal Technologies for Advanced Power Generation, Clean Coal Engineering Technology (Second Edition), Environmental Pollution and Control (Fourth Edition).

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