is a quantitative method whereby a researcher poses some set of predetermined questions to an entire group, or sample, of individuals. Curtin, R., Presser, S., & Singer, E. (2000). There are several types of longitudinal surveys, including trend, panel, and cohort surveys. Department of English, Indiana University of Pennsylvania; Hopkins, Will G. “Quantitative Research Design.” Sportscience 4, 1 (2000); "A Strategy for Writing Up Research Results. Whatever delivery mechanism you choose, keep in mind that there are pros and cons to each of the options described here. The point here is to be deliberate about how you present your questions to respondents. If the idea of a panel study piqued your interest, check out the Up series of documentary films. The choice of which delivery mechanism is best depends on a number of factors including your resources, the resources of your study participants, and the time you have available to distribute surveys and wait for responses. Check out. Figure 7.5 "Formula for Determining Selection Interval for Systematic Sample", Table 7.2 "Systematic Sample of 25 Fraternity Members", http://baby-names.familyeducation.com/popular-names/boys, Table 7.3 "Systematic Sample of Observation Days". Cohort differences in professional women’s employment rates from 1960 to 2005. In Section 8.4.1 "Asking Effective Questions" we discussed double-barreled questions, but response options can also be double barreled, and this should be avoided. Sometimes students in my research methods classes feel that understanding what a survey is and how to write one is so obvious, there’s no need to dedicate any class time to learning about it. Try to mimic those features in the presentation of your survey questions. Research results should not be taken at face value; some research is not well designed, and readers must be able to assess whether the research carried out actually supports the results or may be explained otherwise. Let’s say you mail a survey out to 1,000 people and then discover, as responses start coming in, that your phrasing on a particular question seems to be confusing a number of respondents. Because the interest here is in trends, not specific people, as long as the researcher’s sample is representative of whatever population he or she wishes to describe trends for, it isn’t important that the same people participate each time. I’ve taken other online surveys where on completion I could provide my name and contact information if I wished to be entered into a drawing together with other study participants to win a larger gift, such as a $50 gift card or an iPad. The coded responses you see can be seen in their original survey format in Chapter 6 "Defining and Measuring Concepts", Figure 6.12 "Example of an Index Measuring Financial Security". The opt-out revolution. One way to overcome this sometimes problematic aspect of cross-sectional surveys is to administer a longitudinal survey. Other methods of data collection can be cross-sectional or longitudinal—these are really matters of research design. Discuss some of the benefits and drawbacks of the various methods of delivering self-administered questionnaires. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. In stratified sampling, a researcher will divide the study population into relevant subgroups and then draw a sample from each subgroup. Research reports are usually divided into introduction or literature review, methods, results, and discussion and conclusions. They found that even though revealing information about oneself is viewed as key to realizing many of the benefits of social networking sites, respondents were less willing to disclose information about themselves as their perceptions of a social networking site’s publicness rose. Holt, J. L., & Gillespie, W. (2008). Surveys that are administered at one point in time. A researcher begins by sampling groups of population elements and then selects elements from within those groups. Retrieved from. Describe some of the ways that survey questions might confuse respondents and how to overcome that possibility. To write an effective closed-ended question, there are a couple of guidelines worth following. But what is k, and where on the list of population elements does one begin the selection process? We covered some of these previously, but suggestions include personalizing questionnaires by, for example, addressing them to specific respondents rather than to some generic recipient such as “madam” or “sir”; enhancing the questionnaire’s credibility by providing details about the study, contact information for the researcher, and perhaps partnering with agencies likely to be respected by respondents such as universities, hospitals, or other relevant organizations; sending out prequestionnaire notices and postquestionnaire reminders; and including some token of appreciation with mailed questionnaires even if small, such as a $1 bill. So if this chapter is extremely interesting to you, if you live in Maine you might say that it is “wicked interesting.” If you hate this chapter and you live in Minnesota, perhaps you’d describe the chapter simply as wicked. This makes comparing across categories of our independent variable pretty simple. Ideally, the research should be constructed in a manner that allows others to repeat the experiment and obtain similar results. Survey researchA quantitative method for which a researcher poses the same set of questions, typically in a written format, to a sample of individuals. My own study of older workers mentioned previously is an example of a cross-sectional survey. Earl Babbie (2010)Babbie, E. (2010). dependent variables), while independent variables are placed in columns. There are several types of probability samples including simple random samples, systematic samples, stratified samples, and cluster samples. As you’ll see in Figure 8.12 "Distribution of Responses and Median Value on Workers’ Financial Security", that value is 3, thus the median on our financial security question is 3, or “moderately secure.”, Figure 8.12 Distribution of Responses and Median Value on Workers’ Financial Security. While high return rates are certainly ideal, a recent body of research shows that concern over response rates may be overblown (Langer, 2003).Langer, G. (2003). One difference of course is that the sort of incentives one can provide in an online format differ from those that can be given in person or sent through the mail. (2010). So it may be difficult to get people to admit to cheating on a survey. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. As you might imagine, panel studies can be difficult and costly. Though this is generally true, some researchers argue that negatively worded questions should be integrated with positively worded questions in order to ensure that respondents have actually carefully read each question. Writing survey questions for local program evaluations. Religious doubts and mental health in adolescence and young adulthood: The association with religious attitudes. Key concepts and principles in quantitative designs Causality : relationship between a cause and its effect Probability : likelihood or chance that an event will occur in a situation

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