[15][16] In 1974, C.H. [35] Corey and Dittami reported the first total synthesis of racemic ovalicin in 1985[36] followed by two asymmetric syntheses reported in 1994 by Samadi[37][38] and Corey[39] which featured a chiral pool strategy from L-quebrachitol and an asymmetric dihydroxylation, respectively. The Falk group synthesized various derivatives of phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol to aid in the study of the various phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) cell signaling pathways. In the preparation of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), for example, the only other product is the gaseous alkane butane. Ovalicin, fumagillin, and their derivatives exhibit strong anti-angiogenesis properties and have seen numerous total syntheses since their isolation. The Rubottom oxidation is a useful, high-yielding chemical reaction between silyl enol ethers and peroxyacids to give the corresponding α-hydroxy carbonyl product. Certain other strong bases, such as alkyl lithium and Grignard reagents, cannot be used to make enolate anions because they rapidly and irreversibly add to carbonyl groups. For alkylation reactions of enolate anions to be useful, these intermediates must be generated in high concentration in the absence of other strong nucleophiles and bases. [2][44] Their route to the collection of substrate analogs exploits a substrate-controlled stereoselective Rubottom oxidation using dimethyl dioxirane(DMDO) as the oxidant and catalytic camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) to aid in hydrolysis. With the exception of sodium hydride and sodium amide, most of these bases are soluble in THF. [13][14], Considerable work by A.G Brook, during the 1950s on the mechanisms of organosilicon migrations, which are now known as Brook Rearrangements. As mentioned above, the acidic reaction conditions are not tolerated by many complex substrates, but this can be abrogated with the use of buffer systems. Mitcheltree, M. J.; Konst, Z. However under acidic and basic conditions the equilibrium can be shifted to the right. [1] Stankovic and Espenson published a variation of the Rubottom oxidation where methyltrioxorhenium is used as a catalytic oxidant in the presence of stoichiometric hydrogen peroxide. A.; Herzon, S. B. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silyl_enol_ether&oldid=984668193, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 21 October 2020, at 11:34. Mukaiyama aldol addition and Michael reactions. Because of its solubility in THF, LDA is a widely used base for enolate anion formation. For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Have questions or comments? [33] Basic hydrolysis to remove the hydroxyl ester moiety of pleuromutilin yielded mutilin. The authors blamed the formation of the acidic triethylammonium (pKa = 10.6) byproduct for the undesired side products and remedied this by using the LiHMDS to exclusively form the desired kinetic product with no acid-catalyzed side reactions due to the significantly lower acidity of the protonated product (pKa = 26). The Rubottom oxidation has remained largely unchanged since its initial disclosure, but one of the major drawbacks of standard conditions is the acidic environment, which can lead to unwanted side reactions and degradation. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. This dihydroxy product was then transformed into Velutinol A in three additional steps. [42] The authors show that the high regioselectivity of this reaction is directed by the hydroxyl group syn to the ring-fusion proton. [31] Chiral chromium catalyst B was developed the Jacobsen group and confers high levels of enantio- and diastereoselectivity. Sharpless showed that the asymmetric dihydroxylation conditions developed in his group could be harnessed to give either (R)- or (S)- α-hydroxy ketones from the corresponding silyl enol ethers depending on which Chinchona alkaloid-derived chiral ligands were employed. In 1992, K.B. In order to synthesize α-hydroxy esters, different oxidants are needed such as NaOCl (see above), lead(IV) acetate, or a hypofluorous acid-acetonitrile (HOF-ACN) complex. Trimethylsilyl enol ethers can be prepared from ketones in presence of a strong base and trimethylsilyl chloride or a weak base and trimethylsilyl triflate. Silyl enol ethers in organic chemistry are a class of organic compounds that share a common functional group composed of an enolate bonded through its oxygen end to an organosilicon group. Missed the LibreFest? Various oxidants can be used to oxidize many of these carbonyl derivatives after they are converted to their respective enolate or related anion. They hypothesized that the increased lifetime of the intermediate species would allow for over oxidation to occur. Legal. Because of the acidity of α hydrogens, carbonyls undergo keto-enol tautomerism. [1][4] Low temperatures allow the standard Rubottom oxidation conditions to be amenable with a variety of sensitive functionalities making it ideal for complex molecule synthesis (See synthetic examples below). Nevertheless, these very strong bases are useful in making soluble amide bases. TBSCl or TBSOTf). [3] Peroxides can also be dangerous to work with. In the Saegusa–Ito oxidation, certain silyl enol ethers are oxidized to enones with palladium(II) acetate. The mechanism whereby enols are formed in acidic solution is a simple, two step process, as indicated below: q Step 1 is simply the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen to form the conjugate acid of the carbonyl compound. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Rubottom. [1] The first example of an enantioselective Rubottom oxidation was published by F.A. Both acyclic and cyclic silyl enol ether derivatives can be prepared in this way and subsequently be used as substrates in the Rubottom oxidation. [18] As illustrated by the synthetic examples below, silyl enol ethers can be isolated prior to exposure to the reaction conditions, or the crude material can be immediately subjected to oxidation without isolation. [17], The original implementations of the Rubottom oxidation featured the peroxyacid meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) as the oxidant in dichloromethane (DCM), in the case of Hassner and Brook, and hexanes for Rubottom. [1][2][3][4][5] The mechanism of the reaction was proposed in its original disclosure by A.G. Brook[6][7] with further evidence later supplied by George M. Certain other strong bases, such as alkyl lithium and Grignard reagents, cannot be used to make enolate anions because they rapidly and irreversibly add to carbonyl groups. Halogenation of silyl enol ethers gives haloketones. For protecting groups see ref[10], While the Rubottom oxidation generally gives good yields and is highly scalable (see 2S-hydroxymutilin synthesis), there are still some problems with the reaction. If the formed enolate is stabilized by more than one carbonyl it is possible to use a weaker base such as sodium ethoxide. [40] A standard Rubottom oxidation gives a single stereoisomer due to substrate control and represents the key stereogenic step in the route to the Samadi ketone. Rubottom. Silyl enol ethers in organic chemistry are a class of organic compounds that share a common functional group composed of an enolate bonded through its oxygen end to an organosilicon group. The mechanism of the reaction was proposed in its original disclosure by A.G. Brook with further evidence later supplied by George M. Rubottom. mCPBA is known to detonate from shock or sparks. They are important intermediates in organic synthesis.[1][2]. An inherent problem with mCPBA is its inability to oxidize silyl ketene acetals. [1][4] Notably, the reaction proceeds at relatively low temperatures and heating beyond room temperature is not necessary. [5], Acyloins form upon organic oxidation with an electrophilic source of oxygen such as an oxaziridine or mCPBA.[6]. [1][19] These substrates give a single regioisomer under the reaction conditions due to the electron-rich nature of the silyl enol pi-bond (See synthesis of Periplanone B below).[1]. [25] This methodology also gave high yields and enentioselectivities for silyl enol ethers as well as silyl ketene acetals derived from esters. [1][9][10], In 1974, three independent groups reported on the reaction now known as the Rubottom oxidation:[1] A.G Brook,[6] A. Hassner,[11] and G.M. Some of the major features of the following syntheses include the use of buffered conditions to protect sensitive substrates and the diastereoselective installation of the α-hydroxy group due to substrate controlled facial bias. The equilibrium between tautomers is not only rapid under normal conditions, but it often strongly favors one of the isomers (acetone, for example, is 99.999% keto tautomer). Without BuLi the authors report a maximum yield of only 72%. [1][4] This intermediate then participates in a 1,4-silyl migration (Brook rearrangement) to give an α-siloxy carbonyl derivative that can be readily converted to the α-hydroxy carbonyl compound in the presence of acid, base, or a fluoride source. The silyl enol ether was then treated with excess mCPBA to facilitate a “double” Rubottom oxidation to give the exo product with both hydroxyl groups on the outside of the fused ring system. Even in such one-sided equilibria, evidence for the presence of the minor tautomer comes from the chemical behavior of the compound. [32] The stereocenters conveniently set in the Diels-Alder reaction direct the oxidation to the less hindered face, giving a single diastereomer, which could then be carried on in 14 more steps to Brevisamide. [27] However, these α-hydroxylations do not proceed via silyl enol ether intermediates and are therefore not technically Rubottom oxidations. A simple sodium bicarbonate buffer system is commonly employed to alleviate this issue, which is especially problematic in bicyclic and other complex molecule syntheses (see synthetic examples). Velutinol A[41] was first synthesized by Isaka and coworkers. The silyl enol ether intermediate could then be treated with mCPBA under Rubottom oxidation conditions to give the desired α-hydroxy carbonyl compound that could then be carried on to (±)-periplanone B and its diastereomers to prove its structure. [1] Below are some representative Rubottom oxidation products synthesized in the seminal papers. In this application, one equivalent of diisopropylamine is produced along with the lithium enolate, but this normally does not interfere with the enolate reactions and is easily removed from the products by washing with aqueous acid. Reactions where the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl group is inverted saw lower regioselectivity, and removal of the hydroxyl group gave the exclusive formation of the other regioisomer. The Adam group also published another paper in 1998 utilizing manganese(III)-(Salen)complexes in the presence of NaOCl (bleach) as the oxidant and 4-phenylpyridine N-oxide as an additive in a phosphate buffered system. Ether solvents like tetrahydrofuran (THF) are commonly used for enolate anion formation. The Rubottom oxidation is a useful, high-yielding chemical reaction between silyl enol ethers and peroxyacids to give the corresponding α-hydroxy carbonyl product. [6][11][12] While the reaction has been tweaked and modified since 1974, mCPBA is still commonly used as the oxidant with slightly more variation in the solvent choice. [1][28], The following examples represent only a small portion of syntheses that highlight the use of the Rubottom oxidation to install an important α-hydroxy functionality.
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